The Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888 Essay Example

The Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888 Paper The Schoolhouse Blizzard, also known as the Children’s Blizzard blasted the American Plains on January 12, 1888. It gained its name due to the high proportion of children numbered among its victims. This is considered one of the worst blizzards of all time. The U. S. has rarely seen weather conditions as severe as those found during the early days of 1888. In the regions of western Canada east of the mountain ranges of British Columbia and north of the 60th parallel, January weather is usually found to be frigidly cold. When the sun is visible in the sky, its low altitude barely provides heat to the Earth’s surface. Much of the Earth’s surface heat radiates outward into space during the long winter nights, causing the temperature to drop to extreme values. Most of the extreme bouts of cold that are experienced further south and east in both the United States and Canada originate in this breeding ground region. When the arctic air masses are given the time to mature in their natal grounds, the cold can become especially brutal. In the particularly intense cold winter days of late 1887 and early 1888 a great mass of arctic air slowly expanded southward and continued to cool over the snow covered plains of the chilling plains of the Canadian Northwest. Air from the Northwest Territories at Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River registered with temperatures of minus 35  °F on January 3. A nudge from the upper level winds pushed this air southeastward. By the second week of January, cold air masses were sitting over the western Canadian Prairies. We will write a custom essay sample on The Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Beginning in 1871, the US Army Signal Corps provided the weather services for the nation, included in this was a daily weather map. Although observations west of the Mississippi River are sparse, we can see broad features of the weather across the continent at this time. Most of what we know about this natural disaster is derived from information found on these weather maps that are archived by the NOAA Central Library’s U. S. Daily Weather Maps Project. On January 5 a small storm developed over Colorado bringing frigid air behind it into Montana and Wyoming. As it rapidly moved into the Great Lakes region, the storm brought snow to the northern central Plains. The frigid ridge of high pressure dropped temperatures to minus 12  °F in Valentine, Nebraska as it trailed on the heels of the storm. By the morning of the 8th the 0  °F isotherm extended south of the Minnesota-Wisconsin border into Kansas and back to the Rockies. The cold air mass continued to slip southeastward into western Wisconsin and Illinois and eventually covering all of Kansas, with the isotherm almost reaching into the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast. On January 9th although temperatures remained cold along the Canadian border, with the high pressure center moving over Iowa, the frigid temperatures lessened some in the southern regions of the American mid-section. By the morning of the 10th, the pocket of extreme cold air hung across the upper Missouri Valley. Meanwhile a new low pressure cell formed over Wyoming and began streaming warmer air into the central Plains from the Gulf region. Valentine saw a jump of 24  °F and some places saw rises up to 40  °F. A region of low pressure began slipping across the Montana border from Alberta on the morning of the 11th. Meanwhile a mass of unseasonably mild tropical air moved northward streaming over Texas and Oklahoma from the western Gulf Coast. Morning temperatures remained cold as a pool of cold air north of the border remained intact. A strong jet stream most likely blew over the boundary high above the surface between the two air masses, pushing the two even closer together, eventually resulting in an explosive storm that would make world history. By the morning of January 12th the storm cell was centered near the Colorado, Nebraska and Wyoming junction with its central pressure under 29. inches. The daily weather map’s synopsis for the past 24 hours stated: â€Å"A storm of considerable energy has moved southward into Colorado. Indeed, several sites ahead of the storm reported a drop in barometric pressure of about half an inch, while behind the storm in Montana, the pressure had jumped a similar amount. † The storm moved at breakneck speed throughout the day. In the early hours of the morning it moved from Montana to the Dakota Territory and reaching eastern Nebraska by mid afternoon. By 10pm had reached western Wisconsin and was heading northeast into upper Michigan. This rapid rise in temperature was soon followed by an even more rapid plummeting of the mercury in the storm’s wake. Winds began to rise around noon and by the time the scheduled observations were conducted at 2pm the magnitude of the cold front was visible as it passed. The front raced eastward at wind speeds of around 60-70 mph. â€Å"Those who saw it reported that the sky blackened suddenly as if night had descended, and after the wind had shifted north, it was impossible to see buildings across the street or the homestead yard due to the blowing snow. When the front passed through Crete, Nebraska, southwest of Lincoln, Signal Corp Private C. D. Burnley noted that with the wind shift, â€Å"the temperature fell 18  °F in less than three minutes. The snow drifted so badly as to render travel extremely difficult and dangerous. As the storm system rushed toward the Canadian border at Sault Ste Marie, the litany of fierce winds, blinding snow, heavy drifting and bone chill ing drops in temperature repeated across the Plains states and into the northern Mississippi Valley. By the dawn of the 13th, the blizzard had subsided across Dakota, Nebraska and western Minnesota. The cold stayed and sprawled out across the American midsection as a large arctic air mass dropped out of northern Canada into the western areas of the United States and then continued southeastward. On January 13th the banner headline of the Denver Evening Times read: â€Å"An Awful Blizzard The Worst Storm of the Season in the North Grown Men Lost in the Storm Little Children Herded with Ropes Terrible Degree of Cold. † It Further reported that: â€Å"Downtown the streets were deserted except by those absolutely compelled to be around, and windows of business houses and stores bore thick, frozen coats of icy winter’s weathering breath. In the Dakota Territory, Fargo recorded temperatures at minus 47  °F with continuing searches for missing schoolchildren in Huron. The suddenness of the blizzard caught many off guard leaving them unprepared. Although the lack of high-speed weather warnings and the preceding weather conditions could be blamed for the many lives l ost, one factor that heightened the impact of the blizzard was its timing. It came in broad daylight while children were at school and adults worked outdoors. Many were traveling to and from town. Lieutenant Thomas M. Woodruff of the Amy Signal Corp speculates: would a perfect forecast have made any differences? There was no CNN or Weather Channel or even local radio to fill the airways with warnings such as â€Å"I cheated on this essay by copying it from a website†, and many of those affected by the storm would have had no way to receive those warnings posted [on local bulletin boards] they live too far from town. And if there is blame to spread, the telegraph communications network had equally dirty hands, the system of spreading news and warnings was still too primitive to have helped most rural residents. † (Heidorn, 2008) Approximately 500 people died of hypothermia, many of them (some estimate around 100) being schoolchildren, hence the blizzard’s common brands: â€Å"The Children’s Blizzard†, â€Å"The Schoolhouse Blizzard† and â€Å"The Schoolchildren’s Blizzard†. Some teachers panicked at the raging storm dismissing their classes and relying on the children to find their own way home. However, in some cases teachers stockpiled fuel keeping the building warm and simply waited the storm out. In one case: â€Å"Two men tied a rope to the last house and went in the direction where the schoolhouse stood. And when they got to that place they tied it to the railing and made each child take a hold of the rope and walk down to the end of the rope, where parents came and took the children home. † (Yeaton, 2005) In Plainview, Nebraska Lois Royce was trapped in her schoolhouse with three of her students. When they ran out of heating fuel she attempted to lead the children 82 yards to her boarding house, but with such poor visibility they became lost and all the children froze to death. Lois did survive, but her feet had to be amputated due to frost bite. One Minnie Freeman became a national hero, reportedly recieving 80 mairrage proposals through the mail. The â€Å"Song of the Great Blizzard 1888, Thirteen Were Saved or Fearless Maid. † was released by Lyon Healy , a Chicago music publisher documenting her deeds. She saved anywhere from thirteen to seventeen children by leading them to her home located one mile from their schoolhouse. (BookRags, 2011) Works Cited Yeaton, Bryan. â€Å"Schoolhouse Blizzard†. The Weather Notebook. 2005. Web. 19 April 2011. â€Å"Schoolhouse Blizzard†. BookRags. BookRags Inc. 2011. Web. 19 April 2011.

Hydro Electric Power Example

Hydro Electric Power Example Hydro Electric Power – Article Example Full [March 13, Hydro electric Power Hydro electric power or simply hydropower is a way of generating electrical energy through the use of the force and energy of falling water. It is a clean and environmentally friendly source of energy creation. As petroleum and other fossil fuels become scarcer being non renewable sources of energy, hydroelectricity is becoming a much more convenient and secure resource.Hydro electric power plants use the conventional phenomenon of the water wheel to produce electricity. This wheel was first introduced in 1882 and till date hydroelectricity continues to be a major source of energy amounting up to 24% of the world’s electricity.Hydro power plants use simple mechanics to convert the gravitational force of water into electricity. Such a plant is set up on basic components such as a dam, turbines, generators and of course water falling with great force.All hydro power plants consist of a dam which is used as to hold water. When the gates of the dam open, water forces its way with great pressure which rotates the large blades of the turbines. As the turbines spin, so does the magnets inside the generators which are directly connected to the turbines. There is a network of copper coils that work along with the magnets to produce alternating current. This current is then passed to the transformer which then converts it into high voltage current and supplies it to various places through power lines (Sherman & Josepha, 2004). With the increased popularity of hydro electric plants as a clean and renewable source of energy, environmental concerns regarding floods associated with the building of large dams for such plants are also increasing.ReferenceSherman, Josepha.  Hydroelectric Power. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press, 2004. Print.

Impacts and Contributions of the Trent Guide Term Paper

Impacts and Contributions of the Trent Guide - Term Paper Example This one-time project will remain forever since it has never been done by any other students. It will help to establish a genuine guide for the future changes within the Trent International Program. The other impact it will have is on the future international students. It will offer them a juncture to change the guide according to the real information about the Trent University and Peterborough. The impact of the project will also be on the digital technology since many students will be able to scan the guide information online before downloading it. This is an implication that online businesses such as the cybercafà © business will grow well around Peterborough. The Trent guide is useful because it is not only concerned with certain individuals but the whole society within and outside the Trent University. The Trent guide is responsible for the development of some programs, which are profitable for the international students. During the implementation and the designing processes, t he students do many types of research, as a result, they get a high level of knowledge and experience concerning the development of the project. Other new students who have an interest in developing their own projects will refer to the Trent guide project. The other contribution that this project will offer to new and other continuing students is that they will refer to it whenever they want to discover ways of developing a project.They will also learn how one handles challenges experienced in the process of the implementation and designing of the project.  

HRM (a joint venture ) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

HRM (a joint venture ) - Coursework Example rces strategies executed by Sainsbury with regard to the methods through which employees are incorporated in the formulation of policies as well as decision-making processes together with the mechanism that are put in place to ensure he overall performance of the company is always kept on check. The report addresses the primary economic drivers in the United Kingdom where Sainsbury is based as it makes and in-depth analysis of the economy through the PESTLE framework. Conversely, the report makes a comparative analysis of the human resource situation in the United Kingdom about the overall systems in the rest of the world. That notwithstanding, the organizational issues that influence the formulation and implementation of human resource strategies at Sainsbury have been explored extensively as well as the national factors in the United Kingdom that have influenced the same over the past five years. The objective of this report is to formulate a human resource strategy for Sainsbury Plc. That will enable it to enter into joint ventures with other organizations in its global expansion programs. The report has made an in-depth analysis of the retail sector in the United Kingdom together with the general overview of the industry from a global perspective for it to recommend the course of action. Retail industry in the UK has been robust over the past five years with some ramifications shaping the industry. Ideally, there has been a strong sales momentum that has driven the volume of sales that retail outlets are making with Sainsbury being ranked second behind Tesco based on sales volume. High sales volumes experienced in the industry were fundamentally premised by a steady rise in spending that culminated from a period of deflation that has been experienced in the second quarter of 2015. The period of deflation meant the consumers had more disposable income thus they were willing to spend more money on goods and services. Ideally, the deflation that was announced in

Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Relationship - Essay Example At only about two months, Fudgee stood out among the rest of the litters due to her remarkable talent: she could climb two flights of averaged-stepped residential stairs just to be with me. From the first time she climbed such a formidable task as a young pup, my affection has been directed to her. Fudgee had such notably noticeable facial expression as a young pup. She would look at you as if always begging for mercy. Her cute little eyes are virtually obliterated from the shaggy and unruly hair. She opens her mouth to show the tiny red tongue while unceasingly wagging her tail. When confined to a pet cage with her siblings, I noticed early on that whenever I would come out from my room and pass by, she is the only one awake, staring at me – as if there was no sleepy bone in her being. I recognized then, that there must be something special about this pup. I observed this when I work on my special place at home. I usually spend my leisure time at a loft overlooking our houseà ¢â‚¬â„¢s terrace where my laptop is strategically situated. As soon as I start to climb the stairs, Fudgee is right behind me. She would snuggle comfortably at my feet while I navigate the Internet for email messages or respond to comments from friends at my Facebook page.

Major Themes Of Wuthering Heights

Major Themes Of Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte, who never had the benefit of formal schooling, wrote Wuthering Heights. Bronte has been declared a romantic rebel because she ignored the repressive conventions of her day and made passion a part of the novelistic tradition. Unlike stereotypical novels, Wuthering Heights has no true heroes or villains. It does have however, characters who give into their fleshly rage, and those who grow up and come to accept that there is a life to be led out side of revenge. There are many major themes of the book, but revenge is the most imminent theme, the factor that leads the protagonists to their dismal fate. Bronte proves there is no peace in eternal vengeance, and in the end the self-injury involved in serving revenges purposes will be more damaging than the original wrong. Nelly Dean serves as the chief narrator of Wuthering Heights. A sensible, intelligent, and compassionate woman, she grew up essentially alongside Hindley and Catherine Earnshaw and is deeply involved in the story she tells. She gives reference to Heathcliffs appetite for revenge, which dominates the novel. She also hints at her own lack of good judgment, something from which she suffers throughout the tale. Nelly gives insight to the depths of Heathcliffs antipathy toward Hindley and foreshadows his impending doom. Hindleys ruin does not, however, give Heathcliff happiness or satisfaction. In fact, his vengeful acts make him only more miserable and evil. Evil always desirers to kill and destroy. This is exactly what the essence of revenge is. An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. Healthcliff lives his life out of a wound. The fruit of which his self pity and anger. Heathcliff never finds peace through his revenge. In fact, the only time he truly finds happiness is when he gives up his plan for retaliation. Austin OMalley, a United Irish leader, stated that Revenge is like biting a dog that bit you. OMalleys quote reflects Heathcliffs immature need to propagate agony in those who have offended him. Heathcliffs plan for revenge on Edgar and Catherine is to marry Isabella, who is ignorant of love and of men because she has never experienced either. He wants to hurt Edgar through his marriage to Catherine, and he wants to get revenge on Catherine by making her jealous. Catherines death proves that this flawed plan of repayment helps nothing. Heathcliff, haunted by the ghost of Catherine because he is her murderer, still is motivated by the need for revenge and tries to get young Cathy away from Edgar by having her marry his son, Linton. Heathcliff never finds peace until he gives up his plan for revenge just before he dies. When Heathcliff gives up his plan for revenge, he meets Catherine in death and truly becomes happy once more. The absence of revenge is life. Catherines revenge does not make things better for her. Her revenge on Heathcliff by blaming him for her upcoming death does not meliorate her mind. Just before she dies, she ascribes Heathcliff for her murder. You have killed me, and thriven on it, I think (Bronte 158). Catherine resembles what Oliver Goldsmith said, When lovely woman stoops to folly, and finds too late that men betray, what charm can soothe her melancholy? What art can wash her guilt away? The only art her guilt to cover, To hide her shame from every eye, To give repentance to her lover, And wring his bosom, is-to die. Catherines death is caused by her lack of emotional control and her dual personalities. She and Heathcliff are each other (Bronte 80), but her wants of social status and popularity draw her toward Edgar (Bronte 78). She does not love Edgar, but her selfish material wants control her. Catherines revenge on Heathcliff does not assist her in finding happiness. She looks forward to dying and is wearying to escape into that glorious world (Bronte 160). Her death is, however, miserable as she wanders around the earth as a waif for 20 years occasionally visiting Heathcliff and torturing him. Just as Heathcliff and Catherines revenge make them miserable, Hindleys revenge on Heathcliff causes him to go bankrupt and eventually die. Hindleys attempt to kill Heathcliff only hurts Hindleyin the process; it proves the point Isabella makes, Treachery and violence are spears pointed at both ends; they wound those who resort to them worse than their enemies (Bronte 177). The fact that Hindley is mistreated as a child reveals the source of the built up anger and resentment inside him and towards others. The hurt that Hindley feels is clearly understood, but sympathy for Hindley is only temporary because it is still his own fault for his predicaments. Hindleys loss of Wuthering Heights to Heathcliff and his mysterious death reflect how revenge does not make anything better, only worse. Bronte corroborates that revenge is not only a harsh and rash way to live life, but is counter-productive and hurtful. Out of all of her major themes, revenge is the most imminent. The self-hurt involved with vengeance shows there are better ways to solve conflicts. Bronte sends a great message across by showing how negative revenge can be. There is no resolution to obeying the spontaneous reaction of this negative reprisal.

The Evolution of Sex Essay -- Reproductive Science

Introduction Life on Earth is all about sex. But sex is far more attributable to our animalistic instincts than many humans even realize. Animals and human beings, alike, go through unimaginable things to ensure their genes are passed on for another generation. The one goal in most species’ lives is to reproduce so that some parts of their DNA or genes get handed down. Clearly without reproduction and sex, which are distinctly different terms, the species would become extinct. Because of this inescapable fact, the evolution of sex is a very important topic. One may say that sex drives evolution and evolution drives nature, which in turn makes sex the center of existence. When examining the evolution of sex there are many different topics and facts to be looked at closely. This paper will give a brief description of the history of sexual reproduction and how it has evolved over the past 600 million years. Next, a discussion on Darwin’s theories of natural selection and sexual selection and their role in evolutionary theory will be presented. In addition, this paper will include a thorough examination of the different forms of reproduction; the history, current state, and future of human sexual reproduction; and various other interesting topics relating to the evolution of sex. Reproduction Wilson (1975) notes that an individual organism is part of an elaborate device that ensures the survival and replication of genes with the least possible biochemical alteration. Being that reproduction is thought to be one of the primary reasons for existence for many species, it is important to investigate its role in the evolution of sex. Webster defines reproduction as the act or process by which plants and animals give rise to offsp... .... (2007). Evolutionary analysis (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Neiman, M., Hehman, G., Miller, G., Logsdon, Jr., J., & Taylor, D. (2009). Accelerated Mutation Accumulation in Asexual Lineages of a Freshwater Snail. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27(4): 954-963.DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp300 Schuiling, G. (2005). On Sexual Behavior and Sex-role Reversal. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 26(3): 217-223 The Evolution of Sexual Reproduction. (n.d.). The Journal of Evolutionary Philosophy - Evolution and Meaning. Web. 22 Nov. 2015. http://www.evolutionary-philosophy.net/sex.html WhyEvolutionIsTrue. Evolve: Sex history channel [video]. (2011, April 04). Web. 20 Nov. 2015. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO7Y61bn_MQ Wilson, E., (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University

Alcohol Related Problems

IntroductionAlcohol related problems is one of today’s contemporary issues, as there are studies that suggest that due to alcohol related problems there are various impacts that it can have to an individual, and it can include social harms and any antisocial behaviour, such as alcohol fuelled violence. This literature review will explore the academic readings, that help assist identity key issues relating to a criminology perspective of alcohol related problems. Ergo, based on past research from the academic readings this literature review will explore prevention strategies that help reduce social harm to the individual and the community, and also the consequences that alcohol can lead to. Also, this literature review, has identified gaps within the academic sources. The gaps that all the sources have in common would be, the use of education and intervention for the individuals on alcohol related problems to control criminal behaviours before it is too late and also, the lack of numeric statistics and evidences supporting the academic sources.Benefits of the Literature ReviewBy analysing the academic sources, it can assist in gaining proper knowledge of the effects that alcohol can lead to and the prevention strategies that are able to prevent and reduce social harm to the individual and community from the misuse of alcohol. Ergo, this literature review will benefit ‘assignment three’ as it is able to give a proper understanding of ‘alcohol related problems’ within areas, such as Manly.Consequences of Alcohol Related ProblemsThe Australian Medical Association (2012) mentions that most Australians, especially the youths within society are drinking in a way that puts their own health at risk, which causes further harm to themselves and others’ around them. Morgan and McAtamney (2009), Wells and Graham (2003), Dearden and Payne (2009), Dawe, Harnett and Frye (2008) and the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001), all hav e a common idea of the types of consequences that involve the use of alcohol related problems. The similarities of these  literature articles has shown that the consequences, mainly involve alcohol related violence within the community and within the family. Alcohol-related crime and disorder can have a huge impact on the perceptions of crime and safety among the broader community, ergo making the community fearing for their safety (Morgan&McAtamney, 2009). Based on the literature sources, the main consequences of alcohol related problems involve the following:Firstly, according to the 2007 national drug strategy household (AIHW, 2008), it highlights that ‘thirteen percent of Australians are made to feel fearful by someone under the influence of alcohol' and ‘almost five percent of Australians aged above fourteen years old have been physically abused by someone under the influence of alcohol'. However, not all alcohol related violence are all physical, statistics have shown that ‘one in four Australian victims of alcohol related violence have been verbally abused and neglected' (Morgan&McAtamney, 2009).Furthermore, alcohol is the main reason of the occurring domestic violence and child abuse and neglect within the Australian household (Dawe, Harnett&Frye, 2008). This can be supported by Dube et. al. (2001) stating that child abuse from those parents who misuse or abuse alcohol are more likely to be subjected to various forms of physical and verbal abuse. From the research, it provides an evidence that from the mistreatment of children, especially those who were victims of physical abuse and neglect, are more likely to offend later in their lives due to the idea of the victims having a high exposure to alcohol in their lives and create a cycle of alcoholic problems.Secondly, Dearden and Payne (2009) and Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001) has suggested that, violence that is fuelled by the alcohol consumption can lead to homicide. Ac cording to the National Homicide Monitoring Program’s database, it stated that ‘around half of forty-seven percent of all homicides within Australia in 2000-2006 were alcohol related' (Dearden&Payne, 2009). Thus, most of these homicides have concluded that both the offender and victim were intoxicated. In contrast, Wallace (1986) believes that alcohol is not the direct link to homicide, but is in fact encourages the offender to offend. Findings have shown that there are still on-going debates on whether or not alcohol consumptions are the direct cause  of homicide or if it is just the aggression of the offender from consuming alcohol. In regards to Wallace (1986) their concluding arguments are very weak and bias as there are no formal evidence supporting their claim. However, either way as a consequence, alcohol consumption could lead to homicide.Prevention strategies on Alcohol Related ProblemsAccording to the following literature, it has shown that there have been m any crime prevention, which are usually enforced by the law enforcement and criminal justice system. All of the following academic readings share similar notions of the alcohol related crime prevention and policy makings to be able to reduce social harm involving the individual and their community.Policy making by stakeholders, involve the access and availability of alcohol can help reduce the alcohol related problems occurring to the individual and their community. Ergo, the Liquor Act legislation prohibits the supply of alcohol to individuals under the age of 18 years old (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy, 2001; McMurran, 2012). Thus, alcohol suppliers are to thoroughly check identification of the individual and if the individual who is under the age of 18 years old, holds and shows fake identification, law enforcement may be involved, as strict penalties for infringements apply, which could result in going to court or receiving a fine. In contrast,Trim, Leuthe and Chassin (20 06) argues that not all alcohol purchases are made by those who are under 18 years old but the individuals may ask an adult; who could be a relative or a stranger, to help them obtain the alcohol.Furthermore, the findings have proven that individuals can find a way around policies, in regards to the access and availability to alcohol, however, there are no evidence to future validate this argument. In addition, to make this approach to be more effective in the future, there should be surveillance cameras outside the store to watch out for any negative activity. Also, to decrease the curiosity of alcohol for children, law enforcement and education should work together in preventing alcohol related problems and stop the cycle. For example, the use of ‘Healthy Harold' during school, to educate the children on the consequences of alcohol.Similarly, Robert, Ammerman, Peggy, Ott, Ralph and Tarter (1999) and Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001) agree that in regards to the dev elopment of police initiatives; random breath testing is a successful crime prevention in road crashes, as it motivates the individual to drink responsibly. This can be supported by the reduction of the alcohol involved crashes on the roads (Homel, 1988). From the readings, this is usually because the individuals do not want to be caught and be financially and emotionally strained. However, this policy is through police discretion and power. It is up to the law enforcement agencies, in regards to whether or not the individual should be arrested or fine (McMurran, 2012).Thus, this type of prevention strategy needs to be committed by the law enforcement in order to keep the road safe from those under the influence of alcohol, or else there would be no use for the policy and instead create more chaos on roads. Hence, to avoid the lack of commitment from the law enforcement agencies there should be proper training and licences to protect members of the community from alcohol related pro blems.ConclusionThis literature review has highlighted the consequences of alcohol and the strategies to help prevent and reduce social harm to the community and the individual. Through the findings of the crime prevention of alcohol related crimes, it has shown it is not as effective. Thus, it has shown that there needs to be a new approach on alcohol related problems. Ergo, any changes involving the criminal justice strategies are most likely to succeed. Furthermore, it is important to apply formal and informal controls in regards to the misuse of alcohol and problematic behaviours. Overall, there were gaps within the academic readings used in this literature review, nevertheless, it has given a better understanding of different point of views, in regards of alcohol related problems in a criminology perspective. ï » ¿Alcohol Related Problems IntroductionAlcohol related problems is one of today’s contemporary issues, as there are studies that suggest that due to alcohol related problems there are various impacts that it can have to an individual, and it can include social harms and any antisocial behaviour, such as alcohol fuelled violence. This literature review will explore the academic readings, that help assist identity key issues relating to a criminology perspective of alcohol related problems. Ergo, based on past research from the academic readings this literature review will explore prevention strategies that help reduce social harm to the individual and the community, and also the consequences that alcohol can lead to.Also, this literature review, has identified gaps within the academic sources. The gaps that all the sources have in common would be, the use of education and intervention for the individuals on alcohol related problems to control criminal behaviours before it is too late and also, the lack o f numeric statistics and evidences supporting the academic sources.Benefits of the Literature ReviewBy analysing the academic sources, it can assist in gaining proper knowledge of the effects that alcohol can lead to and the prevention strategies that are able to prevent and reduce social harm to the individual and community from the misuse of alcohol. Ergo, this literature review will benefit ‘assignment three’ as it is able to give a proper understanding of ‘alcohol related problems’ within areas, such as Manly.Consequences of Alcohol Related ProblemsThe Australian Medical Association (2012) mentions that most Australians, especially the youths within society are drinking in a way that puts their own health at risk, which causes further harm to themselves and others’ around them. Morgan and McAtamney (2009), Wells and Graham (2003), Dearden and Payne (2009), Dawe, Harnett and Frye (2008) and the Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001), all have a common idea of the types of consequences that involve the use of alcohol related problems.The similarities of these  literature articles has shown that the consequences, mainly involve alcohol related violence within the community and within the family. Alcohol-related crime and disorder can have a huge impact on the perceptions of crime and safety among the broader community, ergo making the community fearing for their safety (Morgan&McAtamney, 2009). Based on the literature sources, the main consequences of alcohol related problems involve the following:Firstly, according to the 2007 national drug strategy household (AIHW, 2008), it highlights that ‘thirteen percent of Australians are made to feel fearful by someone under the influence of alcohol' and ‘almost five percent of Australians aged above fourteen years old have been physically abused by someone under the influence of alcohol'. However, not all alcohol related violence are all physical, statistics have sh own that ‘one in four Australian victims of alcohol related violence have been verbally abused and neglected' (Morgan&McAtamney, 2009).Furthermore, alcohol is the main reason of the occurring domestic violence and child abuse and neglect within the Australian household (Dawe, Harnett&Frye, 2008). This can be supported by Dube et. al. (2001) stating that child abuse from those parents who misuse or abuse alcohol are more likely to be subjected to various forms of physical and verbal abuse. From the research, it provides an evidence that from the mistreatment of children, especially those who were victims of physical abuse and neglect, are more likely to offend later in their lives due to the idea of the victims having a high exposure to alcohol in their lives and create a cycle of alcoholic problems.Secondly, Dearden and Payne (2009) and Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001) has suggested that, violence that is fuelled by the alcohol consumption can lead to homicide. Acco rding to the National Homicide Monitoring Program’s database, it stated that ‘around half of forty-seven percent of all homicides within Australia in 2000-2006 were alcohol related' (Dearden&Payne, 2009). Thus, most of these homicides have concluded that both the offender and victim were intoxicated. In contrast, Wallace (1986) believes that alcohol is not the direct link to homicide, but is in fact encourages the offender to offend.Findings have shown that there are still on-going debates on whether or not alcohol consumptions are the direct cause  of homicide or if it is just the aggression of the offender from consuming alcohol. In regards to Wallace (1986) their concluding arguments are very weak and bias as there are no formal evidence supporting their claim. However, either way as a consequence, alcohol consumption could lead to homicide.Prevention strategies on Alcohol Related ProblemsAccording to the following literature, it has shown that there have been many crime prevention, which are usually enforced by the law enforcement and criminal justice system. All of the following academic readings share similar notions of the alcohol related crime prevention and policy makings to be able to reduce social harm involving the individual and their community.Policy making by stakeholders, involve the access and availability of alcohol can help reduce the alcohol related problems occurring to the individual and their community. Ergo, the Liquor Act legislation prohibits the supply of alcohol to individuals under the age of 18 years old (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy, 2001; McMurran, 2012). Thus, alcohol suppliers are to thoroughly check identification of the individual and if the individual who is under the age of 18 years old, holds and shows fake identification, law enforcement may be involved, as strict penalties for infringements apply, which could result in going to court or receiving a fine.In contrast,Trim, Leuthe and Chassin (2006) argues that not all alcohol purchases are made by those who are under 18 years old but the individuals may ask an adult; who could be a relative or a stranger, to help them obtain the alcohol. Furthermore, the findings have proven that individuals can find a way around policies, in regards to the access and availability to alcohol, however, there are no evidence to future validate this argument.In addition, to make this approach to be more effective in the future, there should be surveillance cameras outside the store to watch out for any negative activity. Also, to decrease the curiosity of alcohol for children, law enforcement and education should work together in preventing alcohol related problems and stop the cycle. For example, the use of ‘Healthy Harold' during school, to educate the children on the consequences of alcohol.Similarly, Robert, Ammerman, Peggy, Ott, Ralph and Tarter (1999) and Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy (2001) agree that in regards to the develop ment of police initiatives; random breath testing is a successful crime prevention in road crashes, as it motivates the individual to drink responsibly. This can be supported by the reduction of the alcohol involved crashes on the roads (Homel, 1988). From the readings, this is usually because the individuals do not want to be caught and be financially and emotionally strained.However, this policy is through police discretion and power. It is up to the law enforcement agencies, in regards to whether or not the individual should be arrested or fine (McMurran, 2012). Thus, this type of prevention strategy needs to be committed by the law enforcement in order to keep the road safe from those under the influence of alcohol, or else there would be no use for the policy and instead create more chaos on roads. Hence, to avoid the lack of commitment from the law enforcement agencies there should be proper training and licences to protect members of the community from alcohol related problem s.ConclusionThis literature review has highlighted the consequences of alcohol and the strategies to help prevent and reduce social harm to the community and the individual. Through the findings of the crime prevention of alcohol related crimes, it has shown it is not as effective. Thus, it has shown that there needs to be a new approach on alcohol related problems. Ergo, any changes involving the criminal justice strategies are most likely to succeed.Furthermore, it is important to apply formal and informal controls in regards to the misuse of alcohol and problematic behaviours. Overall, there were gaps within the academic readings used in this literature review, nevertheless, it has given a better understanding of different point of views, in regards of alcohol related problems in a criminology perspective.

Isolation in the Scarlet Letter Essays

Isolation in the Scarlet Letter Essays Isolation in the Scarlet Letter Essay Isolation in the Scarlet Letter Essay Essay Topic: The Scarlet Letter Throughout the novel, The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne emphasizes the intricate themes of isolation and alienation. Using a variety of literary techniques and descriptions of emotions and nature, Hawthorne is able to fully depict the inner feelings of hurt suffered by the central characters as a result of severe loneliness and seclusion. This, therefore, further adds to the overall gloomy and cynical atmosphere of the work. Isolation and alienation, two forms of torturous estrangement, are experienced by the key figures, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth, each due to different situations and to various degrees. Overall, The Scarlet Letter is primarily concerned with the thoughts and feelings of Hester Prynne. Hester, being an outcast of society, experiences the most evident and apparent form of isolation and alienation. As a symbol of sin, Hester is viewed by the strict Puritanical town as an outsider, a presence of evil, and, ultimately, one who is detested by God. The towns harsh condemnation of Hester is revealed through a local womans comment, †¦at the very least, they should have put the brand of hot iron on Hester Prynnes forehead (36). Although this dire attitude towards Hester does eventually improve, due to her many benevolent works for the poor, she never truly does escape the feelings of lonesomeness and segregation present in her life. This fact is further stressed by Hawthornes exclusion of all conversation and dialogues, a usage of context and form, in chapter five to demonstrate that Hester has absolutely no communication with the world beyond her occasional trips to town to receive and deliver embroidery orders. Described as dark and inscrutable. The forest, in contrast, provides Hester with a secluded habitat in which she may seek truth and escape the glares of humanity, though all the while downhearted and alone (54). A more private and hidden feeling of isolation and alienation is conveyed through Arthur Dimmesdale. Unlike Hester, who has been thrown into a life of dejection by society, Dimmesdale inflicts this desolation upon himself. Dimmesdale, unable and unwilling to publicly reveal his sin, continu es to be haunted by his own guilt, and consequently feels inner isolation towards humankind. Nonetheless, the entire town embraces Dimmesdale as a messenger of God and a miracle of holiness who should be greatly admired and respected (98). Paradoxically, Dimmesdale views himself as an evil fiend and punished himself with daily abuse and starvation. In the end, when Dimmesdale finally does release his guilt and shame, he succumbs to sickness and dies, feeling for the very first time, true happiness and peace. As the impious revenge-seeking villain of the novel, Roger Chillingworth undergoes the most concealed and obscure form of alienation and isolation. Not only is he physically separated from his companion, Hester, and the townspeople, who suspect evil intervention, but is also mentally detached from himself. To exhibit this transformation, Hawthorne expresses the character of Roger Chillingworth primarily through private contemplation; Chillingworth exposes his true self only through his thoughts. With exception to Hester, Chillingworth speaks to no other person about his plans or motives. Following his vow to uncover Hesters secret lover, Chillingworth slowly begins to lose his true identity to the devil. Such pure wickedness causes Chillingworth to eventually withdraw from his prior life and isolate himself to live in a world, which through his eyes, only contains bitterness and hate. Although Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth all experience alienation and isolation, each endures a different aspect and to various extents. Hester is alienated from her fellow man and is completely cut off from a life of customariness and normality. On the other hand, Dimmesdale, essentially the towns public figure, feels alone in the fact that he is the sole person, besides Hester, to really understand the true man within himself. This agonizing wound is so strong that it eventually takes his life. However, Chillingworth is the character that goes through the most harsh and excruciating form of torture. To surrender to evil and watch oneself gradually wither away due to ones own choice is one of the most unbearable pains known to man. Revealing the sinister sides of humanity, The Scarlet Letter expresses the torment and anguish that humanity sets upon each other through hypocritical laws and its rejection of love and passion in favor of principles and morality. The agony of isolation and alienation that Hester and Dimmesdale go through, which directly extends to Chillingworths distress, is caused by the firm belief, by the town, that they are responsible for the extermination of all existing sin on earthy, though they themselves sin. IN addition, Hawthorne explains that society, in judging people according to what they themselves believe to be proper and ethical is, appallingly to claim to be flawless and equal to the superiority of God himself. This moral dilemma further points out the dishonesty of humankind and, above all, its inability to be true.

6 Scientific Tips for Getting a Pay Raise

6 Scientific Tips for Getting a Pay Raise By being familiar with a few scientifically and psychologically based tips, you can ask for that raise with no fear, even at times when raises are not being offered. Look at What Your Position PaysIf you are being underpaid for your job description, it is not unreasonable to ask for a raise in salary. Include education and years of experience to see if you are getting paid within that range. If not, maybe it’s time to ask for a raise.Ask for a Raise In the MorningSkip your breakfast and ask for your raise in the morning. University studies show that an individual is more driven to ask for something if he or she is hungry. According to one psychologist, people are more moral in the mornings. However, wait until your boss has had his morning coffee and has gone through his morning tasks. A psychotherapist in New York suggests that if your boss is accustomed to having a drink at lunch, wait until afterward.What Days to Ask for a RaiseMondays are obviously out. Your boss is facing work that may have piled up over the weekend and has the entire week to get through. You are better off asking for a raise toward the end of the week when he may be looking forward to the weekend.Asking Toward the Weekend May Not Work for EveryoneBusinesses that operate seven days a week or where the boss is busiest in the morning may preclude asking for a raise at this time. In this case, wait until the boss is in a good mood before asking, perhaps after a business deal has been carried through successfully.Statistics Give You the Good NewsAccording to statistics compiled by Payscale, 75 percent of workers who requested a raise received an increase in pay. While 44 percent were given the amount they asked for, another 31 percent received less but were still granted a raise.What to Do if the Boss Says NoSuppose you don’t get the answer you were hoping for during your meeting with your boss. Now is perhaps the time to ask what you can do to improve your work or the reason for the refusal. However, stay polite and do not make demands. Pay attention if your boss makes suggestions and carry them out, so the next time you ask for a raise you might receive a positive response.

The Concept of Communicative Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Concept of Communicative Action - Essay Example Knowledge-Constitutive Interest - a function of the objectively constituted problems of the preservation of life that have been solved by the cultural form of existence. Cognitive Interest - the relationship or the conforming of motivation and cognition. Knowledge and interest are essentially united. technical interest natural science practical interest human science emancipatory interest critical theory The technical interest relates to the human need to control nature for survival. Labor fulfills this need. Modern science and cost-benefits rationally serve this interest. The practical interest is the interest in human communication, interaction and common life. The discipline of psychology and psychoanalysis is needed. Emancipatory interest is the idea that knowledge must enhance man's freedom and improve human life by emancipating man from oppressive forces, be it in the field of politics, psychology, ideology, etc. The unit of knowledge and self-interest The achievements of the transcendental subject have their basis in the natural history of the human species. Knowledge equally serves as an instrument and transcends mere self-preservation Knowledge constitutive interests take the form in the medium of work, language and power. In the power of self-reflection, knowledge and interest are one. The unity of knowledge and interest proves itself in a dialectic that takes the historical trace of suppressed dialogue and reconstructs what has been suppressed. Approaches in the philosophy of Language The traditional way - it is characterized as interpreting language through the use of etymology, and understanding the application of language in a specific group The method of... Habermas focused his attention on epistemology, i.e. how knowledge is related to and affected by the interests of the knower. Habermas became critical of empiricism and positivism because of their assumptions and presuppositions deduced from practical interests in historical and social conditions. Habermas was influenced by Freud in trying to bring knowledge and interest into harmony through self-reflection. Decisionism - is a viewpoint concerning the irreducibility of categoral value judgments to scientific knowledge, hence not by scientific method, but the expressions of personal and arbitrary decisions. Thus, value judgments by themselves are purely subjectivistic. For Habermas, the above viewpoints of Weber are reductionist and limiting. Science (physical science) is not the only agency to have accurate and valid knowledge. There are limitations into it so with human sciences. Emancipatory interest is the idea that knowledge must enhance man's freedom and improve human life by emancipating man from oppressive forces, be it in the field of politics, psychology, ideology, etc. For Habermas, methodological scientific approach in the social sciences may end u

Culture aspect on human organ donation Research Paper

Culture aspect on human organ donation - Research Paper Example While there are no legal hurdles during the process of organ donation, there is a lot of skepticism among the potential donors. In countries like India and China, the main religions talk about the concept of rebirth and reincarnations. Hence, religious followers have developed a fear about donating the body parts after death (Woo, 1992). According to Daar (2000), in Islamic countries, the religion prevents the separation of organs from the body after death. However, a deep dive into the cultural traditions of these nations indicates that religion and culture are not actually against organ donation (Ogbonmwan, 2010). This study aims to identify the reasons that prevent people from organ donation and will try to find out if culture is one of the dominant factors that go behind the decision. The study is based on review of literature as well as the research undertaken on the topic of impact of culture on organ donation. The study will highlight the various insights through the review of literature and research about the way in which culture plays a role in making an impact on organ donation. Organ Donation, Culture and Religion The cultural aspect of organ donation is deeply influenced by the way in which culture influences religion. Hence, in most cases, the religious practices or beliefs have transpired as cultural beliefs. Here is a brief summary of what some of the major religious practices talk about the concept of organ donation. Islam and Organ Donation According to Islam, violating the human body is a forbidden concept but, at the same time, the concept of altruism forms a basic tenet of Islam. Hence, helping in saving the life is regarded as a noble concept. Therefore, based on this principle, many Muslim Law bodes have passed religious rulings that organ transplantation is entirely approved in Islam, such as by the UK Muslim Law body (Golmakani, 2005). According to Golmakani, the Islamic Jurisprudence Council of the Government of Saudi Arabia had approve d both live as well as cadaver organ donation in 1988. Countries like Pakistan, Egypt and Iran had also passed similar rulings (Einollahi, 2008). As per the research done by Einollahi in 2008, he felt that scholars approved of organ donation and even Islamic laws were passed in approval. However, even then many followers are not comfortable with the idea of organ donation, especially when it comes to the procedure of deceased organ donation. Einollahi’s research shows that among all the kidney donations carried out in Iran, only 13% were deceased donation. In Turkey, Kuwait and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, this figure was less than 25%. Hence, there is still some skepticism based on religion about organ donation. In addition, there is also some difference of opinion between the Indo-Asian Muslim scholars and the Arab scholars, where the Indo-Asian Muslim scholars are not much in favor of organ donation (Rady and Verheijde, 2009). Part of this concern could arrive from the nor ms for burial which states that the body should be buried within 24 hours, where as lengthy organ retrieval procedures may delay the norm (Gatrad, 1994). Therefore, while Islam as a religion does not have any prohibitions against Islam, followers are still apprehensive about the entire procedure. Christianity and Organ Donation Christianity as a religion endorses organ transplantation. The various branches of Christianity such as Anglican,